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In the history of the Austria-Hungary trialism refers to the political movement that aimed to reorganize the bipartite Empire into a tripartite one, creating a Croatian state equal in status to Austria and Hungary. The idea never came close to actual implementation, though it had several notable proponents among the political elites. At the end of World War I, its advocates briefly obtained nominal support for a trialist manifesto, but the monarchy as a whole crumbled shortly thereafter. ==History== The movement originated in the 1880s in aristocratic and clerical circles of the Empire as a reaction to Hungarian nationalism and must be contrasted to the revolutionary, secessionist Yugoslavism, as it worked within the Habsburg state apparatus with support from Croat politicians and Austrian officials (including the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.〔) The hope of trialist Austrian imperialists was that Serbia might eventually join the great Croatia that was to be created, while putting pressure on the Hungarians and allowing Vienna to continue to dominate the Empire as a whole.〔 In the early and mid-19th century the movement was Pan-Slavic and demanded that, in addition to the Austrian and Hungarian crowns, a third Slavic crown be established (North Slavs and the South Slavs separately), to allow the empire to resist claims from other Slavic countries and nations (Russia and Serbia.) With the collapse of the early pan-Slavic (Czech-Slovak and Croatian-Slovene-Serb) movements, the new concept of trialism was strictly relegated to Croatia. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the Croatian-Hungarian Compromise of 1868 there was great dissatisfaction among the Croatian population that was divided between the two crowns of the empire (Croats in Istria and Dalmatia under the Austrian crown, Croats in Croatia and Slavonia under the Hungarian, and Bosnia-Herzegovina divided between them.) Strong pressure for the reorganization of the empire arose mainly from Croatia-Slavonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, who since the 1848-49 defeat of the Hungarians had resented their association with them. There were many trialist propositions proposed but the common idea was that the monarchy would be composed of empire of Austria, kingdom of Hungary and kingdom of Croatia. In Croatia the most prominent advocates of the idea were Dr. Nikola Zvonimir Bjelovučić, author of the book ''Trialism and the Croatian state'', Dr. Ivo Pilar, historian, politician and K.u.K. officer who advocated the idea of trialism in his book ''The South Slav Question'', Dr. Aleksandar Horvat, leader of the pro-monarchy Pure Party of Rights and Croatian delegate at the signing of the trialist treaty in Vienna and Budapest 1918.〔Budisavljević Srđan, ''Stvaranje Države SHS, (Creaton of the state of SHS)'', Zagreb, 1958, p. 132.-133.〕 Other proponents of the idea included General Stjepan Sarkotić, Field marshal Svetozar Borojević, Ivo Prodan, archbishop Josip Štadler, generals Lukas Šnjarić and Mihael Mihaljević.〔Vasa Kazimirović ''NDH u svetlu nemačkih dokumenata i dnevnika Gleza fon Horstenau 1941 – 1944'', Beograd 1987., p.56.-57.〕 Nikola Zvonimir Bjelovučić's proposed trialist monarchy (1911) would be named Austro-Hungaro-Croatian monarchy, and every emperor and king would have to be separately crowned in Austria, Hungary and Croatia.〔Bjelovučić Nikola Zvonimir, ''Trijalizam i Hrvatska država'', Dubrovnik, 1911.〕 Common affairs in Austro-Hungaro-Croatia would include a ministry of navy headquartered in Pula;〔Bjelovučić, page 11.〕 an independent army for every state in the monarchy with its own language and officer cadre;〔Bjelovučić, page 12.〕 a foreign affairs ministry equally staffed and financed by each of the states;〔 and a parliament equally representing each state.〔Bjelovučić, page 13.〕 According to Bjelovučić the Croatian kingdom would comprise the Slovene Lands, Istria, Rijeka, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Trieste with western Istria would form an autonomous region in the kingdom. In that region the Italians would be in a political sense equal to Croats. In the Croatian kingdom Croats and Serbs (with Muslims) would enjoy national freedom especially in the local administration. Special provisions would be made for languages, education and religions in the Croatian kingdom.〔Bjelovučić, pages 7.-20.〕 According to Bjelovučić's proposal, Croatia would host a total of six 'Royal Croatian' government ministries.〔Bjelovučić, pp. 16-17.〕 Among the Habsburg family the supporters of reorganizing the empire from a dualist to a trialist one included Archduke Leopold Salvator who served as an artillery officer in Zagreb 1894-1900, Crown Prince Rudolf who supported federalization of the monarchy, and Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who was the most prominent trialist supporter which made him a great threat to the Serbian nationalists and lead to the assassination in Sarajevo. During his short reign Emperor and king Charles (Karl) I (IV) supported the trialist concept and advocated the reorganization of the monarchy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trialism in Austria-Hungary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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